1 | Flowers essentially bisexual, the male part adnate to the ovary. |
1' | Flowers truly unisexual or apparently so (in Mal.). |
2 | Anther-loculi 4 (in Mal.) on a 3-lobed organ interpreted as 3 fused stamens with central 2-locular anther and a l-locular anther on each side. Leaves of widespread species usually finely serrate. Fruit white, greenish or yellowish, rarely tinged violet or pinkish, the tip sometimes dark violet-purple |
2' | Anther-loculi 2 on a narrowly clavate organ, i.e. apparently one stamen with a 2-locular anther. Leaves usually very coarsely serrate. Fruit red, rarely black |
3 | Male flowers bracteate with 1-2 (-5) stamens; female flowers naked. Shrubs or trees 2.5-24 m tall |
3' | Male flowers with involucre and numerous stamens in a cone-like structure; female flowers in rounded ovate bracts with long caudate apices. Herbs or subshrubs |