1 | Herbs, subshrubs, vines or climbers; seeds not borne on prominent, hook-shaped retinaculum (funicle), retinaculum papilliform or lacking |
1' | Herbs, shrubs or small trees (not vines or climbers); seeds borne on prominent, hook-shaped retinaculum (funicle) |
2 | Vines, climbers or shrubs; capsule with a prominent sterile apical beak much narrower and longer than the fertile globose base; calyx unlobed (annular) or unequally 10-17-lobed; ovules 4 |
2' | Herbs; capsule lacking a prominent sterile beak (a beak, if present, not conspicuous, similar in width to seed-bearing portion of capsule); calyx 2-5-lobed; ovules 6-24 |
3 | Bracteoles 2; calyx deeply 5-lobed, lobes ± equal; corolla tubular, limb subbilabiate; stamens 4; capsule oblong, obtuse, seed-bearing nearly its entire length; seeds numerous: 25-30 (only 6 in Gynocraterium), without numerous cristae |
3' | Bracteoles absent; calyx 4-lobed, lower lobe apically 2-dentate; corolla not tubular, limb bilabiate; stamens 2; capsule conical, beaked, seed-bearing only at base; seeds 8-28, with numerous cristae |
4 | Ovules 6; stigma crateriform |
4' | Ovules numerous 25-30; stigma 2- or 3-parted |
5 | Fertile stamens usually 4 |
5' | Fertile stamens 2 |
6 | Anthers 1-thecous; cystoliths absent; corolla imbricate in bud |
6' | Anthers 2-thecous or anthers of the longer pair 2-thecous, those of the shorter pair 1-thecous (Herpetacanthus); cystoliths present; corolla contorted in bud |
7 | Corolla limb bilabiate, 2-lobed |
7' | Corolla limb deeply divided to throat, forming a 5-lobed lip; plants cultivated |
8 | Inflorescence of densely bracted, elongate, 4-sided dichasiate spikes; bracts imbricate, ovate-lanceolate to ovate to oblong to suborbicular, green or green and turning indigo upon drying |
8' | Inflorescence and bracts otherwise |
9 | Plants sprawling or erect perennial herbs 30-70 cm tall; leaf blades narrowly ovate to elliptic, green on both surfaces; bracts species is cultivated in gardens in French Guiana and occasionally escapes broadly ovate to cordate, 5.5-14 mm wide; corolla pale lavender to purple to whitish |
9' | Plants low-growing, diffuse herbs 30-35 cm tall; leaf blades broadly ovate to ovate-oblong to cordate, lower surface purple, portions turning indigo upon drying; bracts ovate-lanceolate to oblong, 4.5 mm wide; corolla white; plants native to Malaysia, in French Guiana cultivated in gardens, occasionally escapes |
10 | Anthers of the longer pair of stamens 2-thecous, thecae superposed or somewhat obliquely attached to connective, those of the shorter pair of stamens 1-thecous |
10' | Anthers of both pairs of didynamous stamens 2-thecous, thecae ± equally attached to connective |
11 | Calyx lobes heteromorphic (anterior and posterior) lobes longer than inner (lateral) ones |
11' | Calyx lobes homomorphic or nearly regular (or if heteromorphic then not with lobes as described above) |
12 | Calyx 4-lobed; corolla large and conspicuous, 35-45 mm long; erect herbs or shrubs, often spiny in branch axils |
12' | Calyx 5-lobed; corolla small, 2-lipped, 4.5-6.5 mm long; diffuse or rarely erect herbs, not spiny |
13 | Large shrubs or trees; calyx lobes often rounded or obtuse apically |
13' | Herbs, often ± suffrutescent (rarely shrubs); calyx lobes subulate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate apically |
14 | Corolla limb zygomorphic (2 lobes of upper lip considerably smaller than lobes of lower lip); flowers solitary or fascicled axillary; mature calyx tube often rupturing in weak hyaline regions between lobes; capsule cylindric, estipitate |
14' | Corolla limb subactinomorphic (or at least the 5 lobes subequal in size; flowers variously arranged but not appearing as verticels; mature calyx tube not splitting between lobes; capsule stipitate |
15 | Inflorescence of secund racemes; corolla yellowish with purplish throat when dry |
15' | Inflorescence an axillary, branching, long peduncled dichasium or cyme or, 1-2(-3) more or less sessile, occasionally long pedicellate flowers in upper axils, combined into a terminal raceme or spike; corolla variously colored, but not yellowish with purple throat when dry |
16 | Inflorescence narrow, terminal and axillary panicles; corolla tubular, not ventricose or distinctly curved, bright red or yellowish, limb short, bilabiate, not at all spreading, upper 2 lobes united into a bilobed upper lip; disk annular with distinct projections |
16' | Inflorescence branching axillary, once or twice dichasially branched, long-pedunculate dichasia or cyme; corolla infundibuliform or salverform, occasionally saccate, limb of 5 equal, spreading lobes, these nearly regular, purple, lavender, whitish, occasionally red or rose colored (then tube curved and ventricose); disk annular, without distinct projections |
17 | Androecium of 2 fertile stamens and 2 staminodes; flowers sometimes heterostylous |
17' | Androecium of 2 fertile stamens and 0 staminodes; flowers never heterostylous |
18 | Flowers heterostylous; corolla limb equally or subequally 5-lobed; bracts imbricate, conspicuously variegated white and green |
18' | Flowers rarely heterostylous; corolla limb 2-lipped (weakly so in Odontonema); bracts not imbricate, inconspicuous, small, green |
19 | Corolla red to reddish-purple or sometimes white, weakly bilabiate, lobes not dotted, tube long, slender, straight; anthers included within corolla or exserted due to heterostyly; rachis and calyx glabrous or pubescent, rarely glandular-puberulent |
19' | Corolla lilac with darker spots on limb, strongly bilabiate, tube short, broad and curved; anthers exserted; rachis and calyx glandular-puberulent |
20 | Anther 2-thecous, thecae parallel to subsagittate, nearly equal in length |
20' | Anthers variously 1- or 2-thecous, thecae superposed, usually ± dissimilar in length |
21 | Inflorescence spicate; bracts conspicuous and/or imbricate, 4-17 mm wide |
21' | Inflorescence panicled racemes; bracts inconspicuous, triangular, 0.5 mm wide |
22 | Stem and rachis brown-puberulous; bracts ovate, 30-44 x 11-17 mm, dark pink, purple or red; corolla white distally, grading to dark pink proximally; plants cultivated |
22' | Stem and rachis glabrous or nearly so; bracts ovate to lanceolate, 15-25 x 4-11 mm, green; corolla bright red, scarlet or becoming orange-red with age |
23 | Stems hexagonal; inflorescence of axillary bracteate cymes bearing 1 or more sessile to pedunculate cymules, cymules consisting of 1 or more flowers subtended by an involucre of 2 or 4 bracteoles, outer pair of cymule bracteoles conspicuous and larger than inner pair(s); retinacula separating from inner capsule wall at maturity and protruding prominently from each valve of capsule, mature capsule conspicuously ruptured near base of head; corolla resupinate |
23' | Stems terete to quadrate; inflorescence various but not as described above, cymules never present, flowers subtended by 1 pair of bracteoles; retinacula remaining attached to inner capsule wall at maturity, protruding prominently from each valve of capsule, mature capsule not ruptured near base of head; corolla never resupinate |