| 1 | Flowers at full anthesis congested into subcapitate spikes; rhachis up to 1 cm long, usually much less, not or scarcely elongating in fruit |
| 1' | Flowers at full anthesis in more or less elongated spikes; rhachis usually more than 1.5 cm long, if less then considerably elongating in fruit |
| 2 | Fruits rufous-tomentose |
| 2' | Fruits glabrous to very sparsely pubescent |
| 3 | Mature leaves chartaceous, up to 4(-5.5) x 2 cm; ovary at flowering glabrous |
| 3' | Mature leaves coriaceous, 2-10.5 x 1-5 cm; ovary at flowering rufous-pubescent |
| 4 | Fruits abruptly narrowed at apex to usually strongly curved beak 1-2 cm long |
| 4' | Fruits rounded to acute or very shortly beaked at apex |
| 5 | Leaves, inflorescences and fruits conspicuously rufous-tomentose when young, tomentum persisting to maturity or almost so; higher order venation and areolation very strongly raised on lower leaf surface |
| 5' | Leaves, inflorescences and fruits glabrous to variably pubescent, but not conspicuously rufous-tomentose even when young; higher order venation and areolation scarcely to strongly raised on lower leaf surface |
| 6 | Fruits 3-6.5 cm long, glabrous and with rough rufous scurfy surface |
| 6' | Fruits rarely as much as 3 cm long, glabrous to pubescent without scurfy surface |
| 7 | At least some leaves more than 15 cm long; venation eucamptodromous to eucamptodromous-brochidodromous |
| 7' | Leaves usually all less than 14 cm long, rarely a few up to 17 cm; venation brochidodromous to brochidodromous-eucamptodromous |
| 8 | Fruits glabrous |
| 8' | Fruits densely or sometimes sparsely pubescent |
| 9 | Petiole eglandular; leaves coriaceous, usually distinctly 'shouldered' at apex, with usually irregularly percurrent tertiary veins; fruits distinctly pseudostipitate |
| 9' | Petiole biglandular; leaves chartaceous, usually gradually acuminate at apex, with regularly percurrent tertiary veins; fruits not or slightly pseudostipitate |
| 10 | Secondary veins 3-5 pairs; domatia conspicuous usually bowl-shaped |
| 10' | Secondary veins (4-)5-10(-12) pairs; domatia usually present then pocket-shaped |
| 11 | Most leaves acute to apiculate at apex |
| 11' | Most leaves rounded to subacute at apex |
| 12 | Leaves often over 10 cm long, usually densely clustered on swollen stem tips; secondary veins 5-10 pairs; inflorescence rhachis 2-10 cm long |
| 12' | Leaves up to 9 cm long, not densely clustered on stem tips; secondary veins 4-7 pairs; inflorescence rhachis 1-5 cm long |
