| 1 | Leaf blade foliolate (in T. wawrae sometimes, in T. elmeri rarely, partly or all simple) |
| 1' | Leaf blade simple (unlobed or lobed) |
| 2 | Leaf blade 3-foliolate, membranous or chartaceous; probract membranous, flat (sometimes caducous). Tendrils simple or 2-branched. Male rachis 1-1.5 mm thick. Fruit 6-9 cm long |
| 2' | Leaf blade 3-5-foliolate, chartaceous or coriaceous; probract chartaceous, concave. Tendrils 2- or 3-branched. Male rachis 2-3 mm thick. Fruit more than 10 cm long |
| 3 | Plant (sub)annual; monoecious. [Leaf blade membranous, green-yellow on drying.] Corolla 20(-30) mm diameter. Male bracts 1(-2) mm long, often caducous. [Fruit ovoid, or long-cylindrical in cultivated var. anguina.] Seeds with undulate margin |
| 3' | Plant (sub)perennial; monoecious or dioecious. Corolla usually more than 30 mm diam. (smaller in T. postari). Male bract 3 mm long or more. Seeds tumid or compressed, not with undulate margin |
| 4 | Whole plant conspicuously (densely) soft hairy; hairs 1 mm long or more |
| 4' | Whole plant glabrous or (sparsely) hairy; hairs less than 1 mm long |
| 5 | Indumentum grey-rusty villose. Tendrils 5-15-branched, point of branching 1-2 cm from the base. Leaf blade without conspicuous mucro. Fruit broad ellipsoid (-globose), 9-15 cm long. Seeds compressed |
| 5' | Indumentum grey, hirsute. Tendrils 3-5-branched, point of branching 2-4 cm from the base. Leaf blade with conspicuous mucro, 13-25 mm long. Fruit ellipsoid, 9-10 cm long. Seeds tumid |
| 6 | Leaf blade at transition to petiole with 2 gland-bearing auricles. [Male bracts linear. Fruit in a raceme, globose.] Seeds subcircular with broad radially striate margin |
| 6' | Leaf blade at base without auricles. Seeds tumid or compressed, without radially striate margin |
| 7 | Flowers conspicuously brown hairy (fruit and seed not known) |
| 7' | Flowers greyish hairy or glabrous |
| 8 | Inflorescences borne on leafy twigs |
| 8' | Inflorescences borne on older stems |
| 9 | Stem sharply angular or ridged |
| 9' | Stem striate or grooved |
| 10 | Stem and leaf blade brown on drying, reddish tinged. Leaf apex without acumen. Probract narrowly elliptic. Male raceme solitary. Seeds compressed, with ± cuneate base, and broadly rounded apex |
| 10' | Stem and leaf blade green on drying, not reddish tinged. Leaf apex often with a 10-25 mm long acumen. Probract absent. Male (and female) racemes mostly fascicled, pendent. Seeds tumid |
| 11 | Plant with fruit (and/or female flowers). Fruit of T. longispicata not known |
| 11' | Plant with male flowers |
| 12 | Seeds tumid |
| 12' | Seeds compressed |
| 13 | Leaf venation ± flat beneath, usually minutely hairy. Fruit pulp not fibrous. Seeds barrel-shaped or (sub)fusiform (Fig. 91b) |
| 13' | Leaf venation much raised beneath, glabrous or hairy. Fruit pulp coarsely fibrous. Seeds butterfly-shaped |
| 14 | Plant free-climbing |
| 14' | Plant growing adherent to tree trunks. (Fruit not known) |
| 15 | Fruit globose |
| 15' | Fruit ovoid or ellipsoid |
| 16 | Fruiting pedicel with two parts of different surface and colour |
| 16' | Fruiting pedicel evenly coloured |
| 17 | Fruiting pedicel less than 10 mm thick |
| 17' | Fruiting pedicel 10-15 mm thick |
| 18 | Leaf blade ± 5-angular, blackish on drying; glands several, 0.5-1 mm diam., close to the insertion of the petiole. Seeds 9-14 by 4-5 mm, chisel-shaped pointed at base |
| 18' | Leaf blade unlobed or (deeply) lobed, brown-blackish on drying; glands absent or few, 1-2 mm diam., scattered but mainly towards the base of the blade. Seeds 18-22 by 7-8 mm, rounded at both ends |
| 19 | Leaf blade pale green on drying. Tendrils simple |
| 19' | Leaf blade green or brown on drying. Tendrils (usually) 2-4(-5)-branched |
| 20 | Leaf blade unlobed or shallowly 3-lobed, green on drying. Fruiting pedicel c. 4 cm long. Seeds 13-18 by 7-9 mm |
| 20' | Leaf blade deeply 5-7-lobed, greenish brown or blackish on drying. Fruiting pedicel c. 3 cm long. Seeds 17-20 mm long |
| 21 | Plant slender, leafy stem 2-3 mm diameter. Pericarp ± leathery, thin |
| 21' | Plant stouter, leafy stem 3-4 mm diameter or more. Pericarp carnose, c. 5 mm thick when dry. [Seeds c. 10 mm long. Leaf blade 3- or 5-lobed.] |
| 22 | Leaf blade ovate-hastate, usually ± lobed; glands c. 0.5 mm diameter. Fruit 6-10 cm long, yellow striped. Seeds 15-18 mm long 43. T. wawrae and |
| 22' | Leaf blade (narrowly) ovate, unlobed; glands 1-2 mm diameter. Fruit c. 5 cm long (ripening colour not known). Seeds c. 13 mm long |
| 23 | Fruit (possibly) ripening green. — Peat swamp forest |
| 23' | Fruit ripening red |
| 24 | Leaf blade (±) hairy, 3-5-lobed, margin (coarsely) dentate. Young parts of shoots reddish brown on drying. Probract narrowly elliptic or linear, 10-20 mm long. Petal fringes tinged pinkish. Fruiting pedicel (1.5-)2-5 cm long |
| 24' | Leaf blade glabrous or early glabrescent, 3-lobed to 1/4-1/2 deep, margin entire or dentate. Young parts of shoots brown on drying. Probract obovate or elliptic, 5(-10) mm long. Petals fringes white. Fruiting pedicel 0.5-2.5 cm long |
| 25 | Rachis of male raceme 1-1.5(-2) mm thick. Leaf blade frequently unlobed |
| 25' | Rachis of male raceme 2-10 mm thick. Leaf blade mostly lobed |
| 26 | Blade glands c. 2 mm diameter |
| 26' | Blade glands less than 1 mm diameter, or absent |
| 27 | Leaf blade glabrous beneath (hairy in forma hirsuta). Persistent part of pedicel almost absent (sometimes persistent) |
| 27' | Leaf blade ± hairy beneath. Persistent part of pedicel 2 mm long or more |
| 28 | Venation on lower leaf surface raised. Peduncle short, 0.5-3 cm long |
| 28' | Venation on lower leaf surface ± flat. Peduncle longer, (2-)5-8(-17) cm long |
| 29 | Leaf blade ± 5-angular. Bracts entire. Sepals mostly with narrow sidelobes |
| 29' | Leaf blade various. Bracts incised. Sepals entire or lobed |
| 30 | Persistent part of pedicel 5-10 mm long. Bracts 7-12 mm long |
| 30' | Persistent part of pedicel shorter or absent. Bracts usually larger |
| 31 | Rachis 2-4 mm thick |
| 31' | Rachis 5-10(-20) mm thick |
| 32 | Rachis ± zigzag |
| 32' | Rachis straight |
| 33 | Bracts less than 15 mm long |
| 33' | Bracts more than 15 mm long |
| 34 | Bracts broad, deeply fan-shaped incised. Plant dull blackish on drying |
| 34' | Bracts incised, but not fan-shaped. Plant green or (reddish) brown on drying |
| 35 | Leaf blade ± hairy. Shoots reddish tinged. Petal fringes tinged pinkish |
| 35' | Leaf blade glabrous or early glabrescent. Shoots green or brown on drying. Petal fringes white |
| 36 | Leaf blade deeply 5-7-lobed. Blade glands few (or absent), near the insertion of the petiole, 1-3 mm diameter. Probract narrowly elliptic, without glands |
| 36' | Leaf blade 3-lobed to 1/4-1/3 of the blade. Blade glands scattered, less than 1 mm diameter. Probract ± (ob)ovate or elliptic, with conspicuous glands |
| 37 | Bracts entire, pale yellow soft hairy. Tendrils simple |
| 37' | Bracts incised. Tendrils 2-4-branched |
| 38 | Leaf blade unlobed or shallowly (2- or) 3-lobed. — Lowland |
| 38' | Leaf blade deeply 5(-7)-lobed. — Lowland and montane |
