Abbreviations and Signs

A list of various abbreviations and signs as used in Flora Malesiana.

A

  • acc. = according
  • Ak. Bis. = Aklan Bisaya (Philip, language)
  • Alf. Cel. = Alfurese Celebes (language)
  • alt. = altitude
  • Anat. = Anatomy
  • Ap. = Apayao (Philip, language)
  • app. = appendix, appendices
  • appr. = approximate
  • Apr. = April
  • Arch. = Archipelago
  • atl. = atlas
  • auct. div. = auctores diversi; various authors
  • auct(t). mal. = auctores malayenses; authors dealing with Malesian flora
  • auct(t). plur. = auctores plures; several authors
  • Aug. = August

B

  • Bag. = Bagobo (Philip, language)
  • basionym = original name of the type specimen; its epithet remains permanently attached to the taxon which is typified by it provided it is of the same rank.
  • Bg. = Buginese (language)
  • Bik. = Bikol (Philip, language)
  • Bil. = Bila-an (Philip, language)
  • Bill. = Billiton
  • Bis. = Bisaya (Philip, language)
  • Bon. = Bontok (Philip, language)
  • Born. = Borneo
  • Bt = Bukit; mountain
  • Bug. = Buginese (language)
  • Buk. = Bukidnon (Philip, language)

C

  • c. = circiter; about
  • C. Bis. = Cebu Bisaya (Philip, language)
  • cf. = confer, compare
  • Chab. = Chabecano (Philip, language)
  • citations = see references
  • cm = centimetre
  • c.n. = see comb. nov.
  • comb. nov. = combinatio nova; new combination
  • CS = cross-section or transversal section of an organ
  • c.s. = cum suis; with collaboration
  • cum fig. = including the figure
  • cur. = curante; edited by

D

  • D (after a vernacular name) = Dutch
  • Daj. = Dyak (language)
  • d.b.h. = diameter at breast height
  • D.E.I. = Dutch East Indies
  • descr. added behind a reference = means that this contains a valid description
  • diam. = diameter
  • Distr. (as an item) = Distribution
  • Distr. (with a geographical name) = District
  • ditto = the same, see do
  • Div. = Division, or Divide
  • div. = diversus (masc.); various
  • do = ditto (Ital.); the same
  • Dum. = Dumagat (Philip, language)
  • dupl. = duplicate

E

  • E = east (after degrees: eastern longitude)
  • E (after a vernacular name) = English
  • Ecol. = Ecology
  • ed. = edited; edition; editor
  • e.g. = exempli gratia; for example
  • elab. = elaboravit; revised
  • em(end). = emendavit; emended
  • em(erg). ed. = emergency edition
  • Engl. = English
  • etc., &c. = et cetera; and (the) other things
  • ex auctt. = ex auctores; according to authors
  • excl. = exclusus (masc.); excluding, exclusive of
  • ex descr. = known to the author only from the description

F

  • f. (before a plant name) = forma; form
  • f. (after a personal name) = filius; the son
  • f. (in citations) = figure
  • fam. = family
  • Feb(r). = February
  • fide = according to
  • fig. = figure
  • fl. = flore, floret (floruit); (with) flower, flowering
  • For. Serv. = Forest Service
  • fr. = fructu, fructescit; (with) fruit, fruiting
  • Fr. (after a vernacular name) = French

G

  • G. = Gunung (Malay); mountain
  • Gad. = Gaddang (Philip, language)
  • gen. = genus; genus
  • genus delendum = genus to be rejected
  • Germ. = German
  • geront. = Old World

H

  • haud = not, not at all
  • holotype = the specimen on which the original description was actually based or so designated by the original author
  • homonym = a name which duplicates the name of an earlier described taxon (of the same rank) but which is based on a different type species or type specimen; all later homonyms are nomenclaturally illegitimate, unless conserved

I

  • I. = Island
  • ib(id). = ibidem; the same, in the same place
  • Ibn. = Ibanag (Philip, language)
  • ic. = icon, icones; plate, plates
  • ic. inedit. = icon ineditum, icones inedita; inedited plate(s)
  • id. = idem; the same
  • i.e. = id est; that is
  • If. = Ifugao (Philip, language)
  • Ig. = Igorot (Philip, language)
  • Ilg. = Ilongot (Philip, language)
  • Ilk. = Iloko (Philip, language)
  • in adnot. = in adnotatione; in note, in annotation
  • incl. = inclusus (masc.); including, inclusive(ly)
  • indet. = indetermined
  • Indr. = Indragiri (in Central Sumatra)
  • inedit. = ineditus (masc.); inedited
  • in herb. = in herbario; in the herbarium
  • in litt. = in litteris; communicated by letter
  • in sched. = in schedula; on a herbarium sheet
  • in sicc. = in sicco; in a dried state
  • in syn. = in synonymis; in synonymy
  • Is. = Islands
  • Is. (after a vernacular name) = Isinai (Philip, language)
  • Ism. = Isamal (Philip, language)
  • isotype = a duplicate of the holotype; in arboreous plants isotypes have often been collected from a single tree, shrub, or liana from which the holotype was also derived
  • Iv. = Ivatan (Philip, language)

J

  • J(av). = Javanese (language)
  • Jan. = January
  • Jr = Junior

K

  • Klg. = Kalinga (Philip, language)
  • Kul. = Kulaman (Philip, language)
  • Kuy. = Kuyonon (Philip, language)

L

  • Lamp. = Lampong Districts (in S. Sumatra)
  • Lan. = Lanao (Philip, language) lang. = language
  • e. = loco citato; compare reference
  • lectotype = the specimen selected a posteriori from the authentic elements on which the taxon was based when no holotype was designated or when the holotype is lost
  • livr. = livraison, part
  • ee. = I.e. (plur.)
  • LS = longitudinal or lengthwise section of an organ

M

  • m = metre
  • M = Malay (language)
  • Mag. = Magindanao (Philip, language)
  • Mak. = Makassar, Macassar (in SW. Celebes)
  • Mai. = Malay (an)
  • Mai. Pen. = Malay Peninsula
  • Mand. = Mandaya (Philip, language)
  • Mang. = Mangyan (Philip, language)
  • Mar. = March
  • Mbo = Manobo (Philip, language)
  • Md. = Madurese (language)
  • Minangk. = Minangkabau (a Sumatran language)
  • min. part. = pro minore parte; for the smaller part
  • mm = milimetre
  • Mng. = Mangguangan (Philip, language)
  • Morph. = Morphology
  • ms(c), MS(S) = manuscript(s)
  • Mt(s) = Mount(ains)

N

  • n. = numero; number
  • N = North (after degrees: northern latitude); or New (e.g. in N. Guinea)
  • NE. = northeast
  • nee = not
  • neerl. = Netherlands, Netherlands edition
  • Neg. = Negrito (Philip, language)
  • N.E.I. = Netherlands East Indies
  • neotype = the specimen designated to serve as nomenclatural type when no authentic specimens have existed or when they have been lost; a neotype retains its status as the new type as long as no authentic elements are recovered and as long as it can be shown to be satisfactory in accordance with the original description or figure of the taxon
  • N.G. = New Guinea
  • N.I. = Netherlands Indies
  • no = numero; number
  • nom. = nomen; name (only) = nomen nudum
  • nom. al. = nomen aliorum; name used by other authors
  • nom. alt(ern). = nomen alternativum; alternative name
  • nom. cons(erv). = nomen conservandum, nomina conservanda; generic name(s) conserved by the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature
  • nom. fam. cons. = nomen familiarum conservandum; conserved family name
  • nom. gen. cons. = see nomen conservandum
  • nom. gen. cons. prop. = nomen genericum conservandum propositum; generic name proposed for conservation
  • nom. illeg(it). = nomen illegitimum; illegitimate name
  • nom. leg(it). = nomen legitimum; legitimate name
  • nom. nov. = nomen novum; new name
  • nom. nud. = nomen nudum; name published without description and without reference to previous publications
  • nom. rejfic.) = nomen rejiciendum; name rejected by the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature
  • nom. seminudum = a name which is provided with some unessential notes or details which cannot be considered to represent a sufficient description which is, according to the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature, compulsory for valid publication of the name of a taxon
  • nom. subnudum = nomen seminudum
  • nom. superfl. = a name superfluous when it was published; in most cases it is a name based on the same type as an other earlier specific name
  • non followed by author's name and year, not placed in parentheses, and put at the end of a citation = means that this author has published the same name mentioned in the citation independently. These names (combinations) are therefore homonyms. The same can happen with generic names. (non followed by abbreviation of author's name) before a reference (citation) headed by an other author's name = means that the second author has misinterpreted the taxon of the first author.
  • non al. = non aliorum; not of other authors
  • non vidi = not seen by the author
  • nov. = nova (femin.); new (species, variety, etc.)
  • Nov. = November
  • n.s. = new series
  • n. sp. = nova species; new species
  • n. (sp.) prov. = nomen (specificum) provisorium; provisional new (specific) name
  • n. v. = non vidi; not seen
  • NW. = northwest

O

  • Oct. = October
  • op.cit. = opere citato; in the work cited

P

  • p. = pagina; page
  • P. = Pulau, Pulu (in Malay); Island
  • Pal(emb.) = Palembang
  • Pamp. = Pampangan (Philip, language)
  • Pang. = Pangasinan (Philip, language)
  • paratype = a specimen cited with the original description other than the holotype
  • part. alt. = for the other part
  • P. Bis. = Panay Bisaya (Philip, language)
  • P.I. = Philippine Islands
  • pl. = plate
  • plurim. = plurimus; most
  • p.p. = pro parte; partly
  • pr. max. p. = pro maxima parte; for the greater part
  • pro = as far as is concerned
  • prob. = probabiliter; probably
  • prop. = - propositus; proposed
  • Prov. = Province
  • pr.p. = pro parte; partly
  • pt = part

Q

  • quae est = which is
  • quoad basionym, syn., specimina, etc. = as far as the basionym, synonym(s), specimen(s), etc. are concerned

R

S

  • S = south (after degrees: southern latitude)
  • S (after a vernacular name) = Sundanese (language)
  • Sbl. = Sambali (Philip, language)
  • SE. = southeast
  • sec. = secus; according to
  • sect. = section section
  • sens. ampl. (ampliss.) = sensu amplo (amplissimo); in a wider sense, in the widest sense
  • sens. lat. = sensu lato; in a wide sense
  • sens. str. (strictiss.) = sensu stricto (.strictissimo); in
  • the narrow sense, in the narrowest sense
  • Sept. = September
  • seq., seqq. = sequens, sequential the following
  • ser. = series
  • s.l. = sensu lato; in a wide sense
  • S.-L. Bis. = Samar-Leyte Bisaya (Philip, language)
  • Sml. = Samal (Philip, language)
  • s.n. = sine numero; (specimen) without the collector's number
  • Sp. = Spanish (language)
  • sp(ec). = species; species
  • specim. = specimen(s)
  • sphalm. = sphalmate; by error, erroneous
  • spp. = species; species (plural)
  • Sr = Senior
  • s.s. = see sens. str.
  • ssp. = subspecies; subspecies
  • s.str. = see sens. str.
  • stat. nov. = status nova; proposed in a new rank
  • Sub. = Subanum (Philip, language)
  • subg(en). = subgenus; subgenus
  • subsect. = subsectio; subsection
  • subsp. = subspecies; subspecies
  • Sul. = Sulu (Philip, language)
  • Sum. E.C. = Sumatra East Coast
  • Sum. W.C. = Sumatra West Coast
  • Suppl. = Supplement
  • SW. = southwest
  • syn. = synonymum; synonym
  • synonyms = the names of taxa which have been referred to an earlier described taxon of the same rank and with which they have been united on taxonomical grounds or which are bound together nomenclaturally
  • syntypes = the specimens used by the original author when no holotype was designed or more specimens were simultaneously designated as type

T

  • t. = tabula; plate
  • Tag. = Tagalog (Philip, language)
  • Tagb. = Tagbanua (Philip, language)
  • Tagk. = Tagaka-olo (Philip, language)
  • Tapan. = Tapanuli (in NW. Sumatra)
  • taxon = each entity throughout the hierarchic ranks of the plant kingdom which can be described and discriminated from other taxa of the same rank
  • Taxon. = Taxonomy
  • Tg = Tandjung (Malay); cape
  • Ting. = Tinggian (Philip, language)
  • Tir. = Tirurai (Philip, language)
  • transl. = translated
  • type = each taxon above the rank of a species is typified by a type belonging to a lower rank, for instance a family by a genus, a genus in its turn by a species; a species or infraspecific taxon is typified by a specimen. The name of a taxon is nomenclaturally permanently attached to its type; from this it cannot be inferred that the type always represents botanically the most typical or average structure found in the circumscription of the taxon. type specimen = the specimen or other element to which the name of a species or infraspecific taxon is (nomenclaturally) permanently attached; botanically a type specimen is a random specimen on which the name was based by description. Therefore, it does not need to represent the average or most typical representative of a population. See holotype, isotype, lectotype, syntype, paratype, and neotype
  • typ. excl. = typo excluso; type excluded
  • typ. incl. = typo incluso; type included
  • typus = see type and type specimen

V

  • var. = varietas; variety
  • var. nov. = varietas nova; new variety
  • Vern. = Vernacular
  • vide = see
  • viz. = videlicet; namely
  • vol. = volume

W

  • W = west (after degrees: western longitude)

Y

  • Yak. = Yakan (Philip, language)

Other

  • ± = about
  • & = and
  • 0 = diameter
  • ♂ = male (flower, etc.)
  • ♀ = female (flower, etc.)
  • ☿,⚥ = bisexual (flower) (
  • (♂)(♀) = dioecious with unisexual flowers
  • (♂♀) = monoecious with unisexual flowers
  • (♂☿),(♂⚥) = polygamous
  • (♀☿),(♂⚥) = polygamous
  • ∞ = many
  • > = more than (in size, number, etc.)
  • < = less than (size, number, etc.)
  • x 2/5 = 2/5 of natural size
  • x montana = means that the epithet montana is that of a hybrid

(List extracted and modified from Flora Malesiana Ser. I vol. 9 (1983) 45-47.)