Toona sureni
Content
Description
Medium- to large-sized tree to 40 m tall and >3 m girth; bole to 25 m, with or without buttresses (to 2 m); crown fairly wide, spreading, occasionally dense.
Bark whitish, grey-brown, grey or light-brown, usually vertically fissured and flaking; inner bark pinkish-white, -brown, reddish-brown or -orange, fibrous; sapwood white, pink or pale red; sweetly aromatic when cut.
Leaves 29–84 cm long, usually 6–9(–12)-jugate; rachides glabrescent to moderately pilose, occasionally velutinous; petioles 7–12 cm long, glabrescent to pilose, often lenticellate.
Inflorescences up to 40 cm long, pendent, sweetly aromatic; rachides pilose to villous with medium to long spreading hairs, occasionally glabrescent; pedicels (0.3–)0.75–1.25 mm long, pilose to villous.
Flowers 4–5 mm long.
Petals white, creamy-white or pinkish, 3.5–5 by 1.6–3.2 mm, glabrescent to villous, but usually with conspicuous central bands of long appressed hairs in bud, margins ciliate with long hairs.
Ovary 1.6–2.75 mm diam., moderately to densely pilose; locules to 6-ovulate.
Capsule 14–20(–24) mm long; columella 14–20(–24) mm long, 5–8(–10) mm broad, concave with apical scarring; valves dark- to blackish-brown, rough, verrucose with conspicuous, often ovate rusty lenticels, 0.3–2 by 0.4–1.25 mm.
Seeds winged at both ends, 11–20(–22) by (3–)4–4.8 mm, wings unequal with broadly obtuse apices; seed body 5–8 by 1.5–2 mm.
Distribution
Asia-Tropical: Borneo (Kalimantan present, Sabah present, Sarawak present); Lesser Sunda Is. (Bali present), Aur present, Celebes (N, Kawata, Amu- rang) present, From India, through Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, S China, Thailand to Malesia present, Halmahera present, Irian Jaya: Kebar Valley; Papua New Guinea: Chimbu Valley present, Karolands present, Kedah present, Kelantan present, Lampongs present, Langkawi present, Madailing present, Mersing present, Pahang present, Penang present, Perlis present, Selangor present, Sumba present, Tanimbar present, Tapanuli present, Timor present, W & E present, W Coast present
From India, through Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, S China, Thailand to Malesia: Sumatra (W Coast, Tapanuli, Lampongs, Madailing, Karolands), Peninsular Malaysia (Selangor, Pahang, Kelantan, Kedah, Perlis, Penang, Langkawi, Mersing, Aur), Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak, Kalimantan), Java (W & E), Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali, Sumba, Timor), Moluccas (Halmahera, Tanimbar), Celebes (N, Kawata, Amu- rang), New Guinea (Irian Jaya: Kebar Valley; Papua New Guinea: Chimbu Valley)
Taxonomy
There are several large-fruited variants of this species, whose taxonomic status has yet to be determined. The most striking was described as Cedrela celebica Koord. from NE Celebes, where it is known as ‘lalumpehe’. Flowers of this variant are rarely collected, but its capsules are morphological enlarge- ments of those found in T. sureni. They exhibit the following characteristics: 35–42 mm long; columellas 29–38 mm long, 13–18 mm broad, valves verrucose, 36–41 by 9–11 mm, with large rusty lenticels 0.75–1.25 mm diam.; seeds 18–29 by 6–9 mm. The tree is used for furniture manufacture, and in house and boat construction. Whether it is merely a large-fruited variant of T. sureni or a distinct geographical taxon remains to be resolved.
Uses
The timber is said to be ‘excellent’ (Don 1832). Medicinally, the bark is used as a powerful astringent and a purative throughout its range ; in Indochina it is considered to be a tonic, an antiperi- odic and an antirheumatic, while in Indonesia it is used as an astringent and a tonic for treating diarrhoea, dysentery and other intestinal infections. Leaf extracts apparently have an antibiotic activity against Staphylococcus, with leaf tip concoctions being ap- plied to swellings (Perry 1980).
Citation
A. Juss. 1830: Mém. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris: 255
Adelb. 1948 – In: Blumea: 313
Pellegr. 1911 – In: Fl. Indo-Chine: 793
Harms 1940 – In: Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 19bl: 45
Guzman et al. 1986: p. 345. – In: Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna: t. 264
Hassk. 1858: Hort. Bogor. Descr.: 129
DC. 1908 – In: Rec. Bot. Surv. India: 373
Forsten 1836: Diss. Cedrela febrifuga, Univ. Leiden: 18
Burkill 1935: Dict. Econ. Prod. Malay Penins.: 499.
Pellegr. 1911 – In: Fl. Indo-Chine: 794.
Miq. 1868 – In: Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat.: 63
Burkill 1925 – In: Rec. Bot. Surv. India: 257.
G.Don 1831 – In: Gen. Syst.: 687
Pierre 1897 – In: Fl. For. Cochinch.: t. 358
Merr. & Chun 1930 – In: Sunyatsenia: 62
C.DC. 1878 – In: DC, Monogr. Phan. 1: 744
Backer 1911: Schoolfl. Java: 219
Nees 1825 – In: J. Pharm.: 518
Koord. & Valeton 1896 – In: Bijdr. Booms. Java: 197
Backer & Bakh.f. 1965 – In: Fl. Java: 117
King 1895 – In: J. As. Soc. Beng.: 89
How & Chen 1955 – In: Acta Phytotax. Sin.: 39
Bahadur 1988: Monogr. Toona: 129
L.M. Perry 1980: Medic. Pl. E & SE Asia: 263
Harms 1940 – In: Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 19bl: 46.
Chen 1986 – In: J. Wuhan Bot. Res.: 187.
CDC 1908 – In: Rec. Bot. Surv. India: 372
Brandis 1906: Indian Trees: 146
K.Heyne 1917 – In: Nutt. Pl. Ned.-Indië, ed. 1: 40
Sprengel 1827 – In: Syst. Veg., ed. 16: 95
Mabb. 1989 – In: Tree Fl. Malaya: 258.
Koord. 1912 – In: Exk. Fl. Java: 437
Harms 1896 – In: Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, 4: 269
Koord. & Valeton 1896 – In: Bijdr. Booms. Java: 199.
Koord. 1913 – In: Atlas: f. 168
Blume 1825: Bijdr.: 180
Ridley 1922 – In: Fl. Malay Penins.: 415.
Merr. 1923 – In: Enum. Philipp. Flow. pl.: 357
Hara & Williams 1979: Enum. Flow. Pl. Nepal: 86
Lace 1922: Trees Shrubs Burma: 31