Toona ciliata

Content

Description

Medium- to large-sized tree to 35 m tall and 152 cm girth; bole to 22 m, with or without buttresses (to 3.5 m); crown usually rounded and spreading, occasionally dense. Bark greyish-white to brown, usually fissured and flaking; inner bark brown to reddish, fibrous; sapwood white to pink or red; smelling strongly of cedar when cut. Leaves (15 –)26–69 cm long, usually (5–)9–15-jugate; rachides glabrous to sparsely pilose, often reddish; petioles 6–11 cm long, glabrous to pilose. Inflorescences up to 55 cm, pendent, fragrant; rachides pilose to pilose-villous with short to long, spreading or appressed hairs; pedicels 0.5–1 mm, usually pilose, occasionally villous. Flowers 3.5–5(–6) mm long. Petals white to creamy-white, 3.5–5.8 by 1.3–3.1 mm, usually glabrescent occasionally pilose externally, margins ciliate with long hairs. Ovary 1.25–1.8 mm diam., moderately pilose; locules to 8-ovulate. Capsule 15–20(–25) mm long; columella 15–20(–24) mm long, 5–7(–10) mm broad, concave with apical scarring; valves reddish-brown, smooth to lenticellate with small (0.1–0.5 mm diam.) scattered lenticels. Seeds winged at both ends, 11–19 by 2.5–4(–5.8) mm, wings unequal, api- ces narrowly obtuse; seed body 5–7 by 1.2–3 mm.

Distribution

Asia-Tropical: Borneo (Sabah present); Sulawesi (Sulawesi present), Bangka Islands present, East & West Coast present, Flores present, Irian Jaya: Manokwari; Papua New Guinea: Morobe Prov. present, Java (W, C & E) present, Kedah present, Koitani present, Lampongs present, Langkawi present, Luzon present, Mindoro present, Moluccas (Ternate, Tanimbar), present, Moresby Distr. present, New Britain present, Perak present, Timor present, Yalu present, eastern Australia present, from Pakistan through India, Bangladesh, South China, Burma, Thailand to Malesia present

Widely distributed within the generic range, from Pakistan through India, Bangladesh, South China, Burma, Thailand to Malesia: Sumatra (East & West Coast, Lampongs), Bangka Islands, Peninsular Malaysia (Perak, Kedah, Langkawi), Borneo (Sabah), Java (W, C & E), Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro), Celebes, Lesser Sunda Islands (Flores, Timor), Moluccas (Ternate, Tanimbar),, New Guinea (Irian Jaya: Manokwari; Papua New Guinea: Morobe Prov., Koitani, Yalu, Moresby Distr.). Also in New Britain and eastern Australia. Commonly cultivated as an avenue tree in India.

Uses

The timber is highly valued, especially in India and Australia; it is used in house and boat construction, for high grade furniture and carvings, and to make tea- chests, oil casks, pencils, musical instruments. The flowers are used as a source of red and yellow dyes for silk, cotton and wool fabrics and as an emmenagogue. The leaves and young shoots are lopped for cattle fodder in India. Various parts are used medici- nally throughout its geographical range; the bark is a powerful astringent, a tonic and an antiperiodic, and used to treat dysentry and wounds (Brandis 1874; Burkill 1935). The limonoid, cedrelone, exhibits antifeedant properties against a variety of insects, e. g. in- hibiting noctuid larval growth but is believed not to affect the insect’s endocrine system .

Citation

Burkill 1913 – In: Rec. Bot. Surv. India: 102

Brandis 1906: Indian Trees: 145

Hara & Williams 1979: Enum. Flow. Pl. Nepal: 86

Benth. 1863 – In: Fl. Austral.: 387

A. Juss. 1832 – In: Mém. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris: 255

Kurz 1877 – In: For. Fl. Brit. Burma: 228

Bahadur 1988: Monogr. Toona: 108.

Lace 1922: Trees Shrubs Burma: 32

Chen 1986 – In: J. Wuhan Bot. Res.: 187.

Bedd. 1869 – In: Fl. Sylv. S Ind.: 10

Briq. 1935 – In: Mém. Inst. Nat. Genev.: 32

Bahadur 1988: Monogr. Toona: 64

Chen 1986 – In: J. Wuhan Bot. Res.: 188

Harms 1940 – In: Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 19bl: 45

Brandis 1906: Indian Trees: 145

Harms 1940 – In: Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 19bl: 46

Li 1944 – In: Trop. Woods: 20.

Panigrahi & Mishra 1988 – In: Ind. J. For.: 140

G.Don 1831 – In: Gen. Syst.: 687

Miq. 1861: Fl. Ind. Bat.: 197

Gamble 1880: Man. Ind. Trees: 77

Wight 1840 – In: Ic.: pl. 161

Roem. & Schultes 1819 – In: Syst. Veg.: 464

Mabb. 1992 – In: Austral. Syst. Bot. Soc. Newsl.: 14.

Aitken 1833 – In: Trans. Soc. Arts: 448.

Burkill 1935: Dict. Econ. Prod. Malay Penins.: 500

Roxb. 1814: Hort. Bengal.: 18

Blanco 1880 – In: Fl. Filip.

Hiern 1872 – In: Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 568

Roxb. 1819 – In: Plant. Coromand.: 33

Kitamura 1955 – In: Kihara, Fauna & Flora Nepal Himal. 1: 170

C.DC. 1908 – In: Rec. Bot. Surv. India: 368.

Li 1944 – In: Trop. Woods: 22.

Dalzell & Gibson 1861: Bombay Fl.: 38

Kanjilal 1901 – In: For. Fl. School Circle: 60

Lane- Poole 1925: For. Res. Papua New Guinea: 100

Haines 1921 – In: Bot. Bihar & Orissa: 174

Wu 1977 – In: Fl. Yunnan.: 209

Harms 1896 – In: Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, 4: 270

Franchet 1886 – In: Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.: 452

Talbot 1902: Trees Shrubs Bombay, ed. 2: 80

G.Don 1831 – In: Gen. Syst.: 687

Bahadur 1988: Monogr. Toona: 109.

Troup 1932: Exotic Trees: 65

DC. 1824 – In: Prodr.: 624

CDC 1908 – In: Rec. Bot. Surv. India: 364

Craib 1926 – In: Fl. Siam. Enum.: 267

Haines 1910: For. Fl. Chota Nagpur: 249

Wu 1977 – In: Fl. Yunnan.: 207

Chen 1986 – In: J. Wuhan Bot. Res.: 187

How & Chen 1955 – In: Acta Phytotax. Sin.: 40

C.DC. 1908 – In: Rec. Bot. Surv. India: 370

Craib 1926 – In: Fl. Siam. Enum.: 267

Cooke 1903 – In: Fl. Pres. Bombay: 217

CDC 1908 – In: Rec. Bot. Surv. India: 369

Burkill 1930 – In: Gard. Bull. Str. SettL: 121

C.DC. 1878 – In: DC., Monogr. Phan. 1: 743.

Styles & White 1991: Fl. Trop. E Afr., Meliaceae: 45

Talbot 1894: Trees Shrubs Bombay: 42

Briq. 1935 – In: Mém. Inst. Nat. Genev.: 32

Merr. 1903 – In: Bull. Dept. Agric. Nat. Res. Bur. For. Philipp.: 27

Pellegr. 1911 – In: Fl. Indo-Chine: 795

Merr. & Metcalfe 1937 – In: Lingn. Sc. J.: 196

Hara & Williams 1979 – In: Enum. Flow. Pl. Nepal: 85

Miq. 1859 – In: Fl. Ind. Bat.: 548

Taylor & Harden 1991 – In: Harden, Fl. NSW 2: 279.

Collett 1902: Fl. Simlensis: 83

Miq. 1859 – In: Fl. Ind. Bat.: 549

Wu 1977 – In: Fl. Yunnan.: 207

Briq. 1935 – In: Mém. Inst. Nat. Genev.: 31.

Hassk. 1858: Hort. Bogor. Eescr.: 127

Harms 1940 – In: Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 19bl: 45

Duthie – In: Fl. Upper Gang. Plain: 153

Lace 1922: Trees Shrubs Burma: 31

Wight & Arn. 1834 – In: Prodr.: 124

Franch. 1889: Pl. Delav.: 126

C.DC. 1878 – In: DC., Monogr. Phan. 1: 747.

Merr. 1902 – In: Dept. Int. For. Bur. Bull.: 27

Chun 1934: Fl. Kwantung: 257

Miq. 1868 – In: Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat.: 63

Brandis 1874: For. Fl. NW & C India: 72

Haines 1921 – In: Bot. Bihar & Orissa: 174.

Pellegr. 1911 – In: Fl. Indo-Chine: 795.

Li 1944 – In: Trop. Woods: 24.

Roxb. 1824 – In: Fl. Ind.: 423

C.DC. 1878 – In: DC., Monogr. Phan. 1: 745

C.DC. 1878 – In: DC., Monogr. Phan. 1: 747