Conocarpus erectus

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Conocarpus erectus

Content

<<<Fruits>Fruits>Wings>Width

ca. 0.5-1.5 mm wide1
1. 005-002-005-001

<<<Leaves>Veins>Secondary veins>Secondary vein pair number

4-7 pairs2
2. 002-007-001-001

<<Flowers>Calyx lobes>Growth form

erect to incurved3
3. 004-004-001

<<Flowers>Calyx lobes>Length

0.3-0.5 mm long4
4. 004-004-002

<<Flowers>Disk>Hairs

pilose5
5. 004-006-001

<<Flowers>Lower hypanthium>Dimensions

0.7-1.5 x 1.4-1.7 mm in bisexual flowers6
6. 004-002-001

<<Flowers>Lower hypanthium>Hairs

densely appressed-pubescent7
7. 004-002-002

<<Flowers>Stamens>Relative dimensions

exserted up to 2 mm in male flowers, otherwise variously shorter or aborted8
8. 004-005-002

<<Flowers>Stamens>Stamen number

(5-)109
9. 004-005-001

<<Flowers>Style>Hairs

glabrous10
10. 004-007-003

<<Flowers>Style>Length

0.5-1.7 mm long11
11. 004-007-001

<<Flowers>Style>Shape

often bent or with S-shaped kink12
12. 004-007-002

<<Flowers>Upper hypanthium>Dimensions

0.8-1.2 x 1.2-1.3 mm (incl. calyx)13
13. 004-003-002

<<Flowers>Upper hypanthium>Hairs

appressed-pubescent14
14. 004-003-003

<<Flowers>Upper hypanthium>Shape

cupuliform15
15. 004-003-001

<<Fruits>Fruits>Dimensions

3.7-4 x 4-4.2 mm16
16. 005-002-002

<<Fruits>Fruits>Hairs

puberulous on convex face, glabrous on concave face17
17. 005-002-001

<<Fruits>Fruits>Shape

flattened, broadly obovate to orbicular in side view18
18. 005-002-003

<<Fruits>Fruits>Wing number

± 2-winged19
19. 005-002-004

<<Fruits>Fruits>Wings

wings20
20. 005-002-005

<<Fruits>Head>Dimensions

5-15 x 7-13 mm21
21. 005-001-002

<<Fruits>Head>Shape

globose to ellipsoid22
22. 005-001-001

<<Inflorescences>Flower-heads>Shape

± globose23
23. 003-002-001

<<Inflorescences>Flowers>Diameter

3-5 mm diam.24
24. 003-006-001

<<Leaves>Apex>Shape

tapering narrowly acute to acuminate25
25. 002-004-001

<<Leaves>Base>Hairs

usually glabrous or nearly so, except often sericeous on petiole and at least basal part of midvein below26
26. 002-005-002

<<Leaves>Base>Shape

gradually decurrent to narrowly acute27
27. 002-005-001

<<Leaves>Petiole>Length

0-3 mm long28
28. 002-008-001

<<Leaves>Veins>Secondary veins

secondary veins ;29
29. 002-007-001

<Flowers>Calyx lobes

calyx lobes , ;30
30. 004-004

<Flowers>Disk

disc ;31
31. 004-006

<Flowers>Length

2.5-2.8 mm long (incl. calyx)32
32. 004-001

<Flowers>Lower hypanthium

lower hypanthium , ,33
33. 004-002

<Flowers>Stamens

stamens , ;34
34. 004-005

<Flowers>Style

style , , slightly exserted, .35
35. 004-007

<Flowers>Upper hypanthium

upper hypanthium , , ;36
36. 004-003

<Fruits>Fruits

fruit , , , bearing old upper hypanthium until at least maturity, , .37
37. 005-002

<Fruits>Head

heads of38
38. 005-001

<Habit>Height

2-20 m39
39. 001-001

<Inflorescences>Flower-heads

flower-heads40
40. 003-002

<Inflorescences>Flowers

flower-heads41
41. 003-006

<Inflorescences>Length

up to ca. 15 cm long42
42. 003-003

<Inflorescences>Peduncle

peduncles densely silvery-sericeous;43
43. 003-005

<Inflorescences>Plant sexuality

possibly functionally dioecious, with range of morphological development of male and female organs, often apparently male and bisexual flowers in same head;44
44. 003-004

<Inflorescences>Position

axillary or terminal45
45. 003-001

<Leaves>Apex

apex ,46
46. 002-004

<Leaves>Base

base , ;47
47. 002-005

<Leaves>Dimensions

3-12 x 0.6-3.5 cm48
48. 002-003

<Leaves>Domatia

domatia conspicuous bowl-shaped pits;49
49. 002-006

<Leaves>Petiole

petiole , biglandular on petiole or at base of leaf.50
50. 002-008

<Leaves>Shape

narrowly elliptic or sometimes elliptic51
51. 002-002

<Leaves>Texture

coriaceous52
52. 002-001

<Leaves>Veins

venation brochidodromous,53
53. 002-007

Common Name

English (Guyana): button mangrove, buttonbush

Description

Evergreen mangrove-like shrub or tree 2-20 m, sometimes with stilt-roots. Leaves coriaceous, narrowly elliptic or sometimes elliptic, 3-12 x 0.6-3.5 cm (incl. petiole), apex tapering narrowly acute to acuminate, base gradually decurrent to narrowly acute, usually glabrous or nearly so, except often sericeous on petiole and at least basal part of midvein below; domatia conspicuous bowl-shaped pits; venation brochidodromous, secondary veins 4-7 pairs; petiole 0-3 mm long, biglandular on petiole or at base of leaf. Inflorescence axillary or terminal raceme or sparse panicle of ± globose flower-heads, up to ca. 15 cm long but usually much less, sometimes with leaves at lower nodes; possibly functionally dioecious, with range of morphological development of male and female organs, often apparently male and bisexual flowers in same head; peduncles densely silvery-sericeous; flower-heads 3-5 mm diam.Flowers 2.5-2.8 mm long (incl. calyx); lower hypanthium 0.7-1.5 x 1.4-1.7 mm in bisexual flowers, densely appressed-pubescent,upper hypanthium cupuliform, 0.8-1.2 x 1.2-1.3 mm (incl. calyx), appressed-pubescent; calyx lobes erect to incurved, 0.3-0.5 mm long; stamens (5-)10, exserted up to 2 mm in male flowers, otherwise variously shorter or aborted; disc pilose; style 0.5-1.7 mm long, often bent or with S-shaped kink, slightly exserted, glabrous. Fruits packed densely into globose to ellipsoid heads of 5-15 x 7-13 mm, only upper part of fruit exposed; fruit puberulous on convex face, glabrous on concave face, 3.7-4 x 4-4.2 mm, flattened, broadly obovate to orbicular in side view, bearing old upper hypanthium until at least maturity, ± 2-winged, wings ca. 0.5-1.5 mm wide.

Distribution

Africa: Angola (Angola present); Senegal (Senegal present), Atlantic and Pacific coasts of tropical America present, Baja California Norte present, Bermuda present, Guianas present, Southern America: Brazil Southeast (Rio de Janeiro present); Galápagos (Galápagos present), W Africa present, extreme N Peru present
Atlantic and Pacific coasts of tropical America from Baja California Norte (ca. 29° N) and Bermuda (32° 20' N) throughout the West Indies to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (ca. 23° S) and extreme N Peru (ca. 3° 30' S), incl. Galápagos, in W Africa from Senegal (ca. 15° N) to Angola (ca. 7° S); about 6 specimens from the Guianas (GU: 4; SU: 1; FG: 2).

Flowers

Flowers ;54
54. 004

Fruits

Fruits packed densely into , only upper part of fruit exposed;55
55. 005

Habit

Evergreen mangrove-like shrub or tree , sometimes with stilt-roots.56
56. 001

Individuals Association

Guyana, Berbice, Waterloo Station, Jenman 4997 Guyana, Essequibo R., Essequibo Isl., Naamryk Canal just W of Lookout, at head of canal facing, Pipoly & Samuels 11751 Suriname, Nickerie, NE of Prodobong, E of Nickerie, Geyskes s.n. Guyana, Demerara, Hope Beach, on white sand, de Granville & Poncy 11702 Cr. Caswine, Benoist 780

Inflorescences

Inflorescence raceme or sparse panicle of , but usually much less, sometimes with leaves at lower nodes;57
57. 003

Leaves

Leaves , , (incl. petiole),58
58. 002

Notes

Often considered a mangrove species, but it is better treated as mangrove-associate because of its lack of pneumatophores and vivipary. All Guianan material belongs to forma erectus, with glabrous or subglabrous leaves.

Phenology

Flowering and fruiting .