Combretum pyramidatum

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Combretum pyramidatum

Content

<<<<Flowers>Petals>Apex>Basal claw>Length

0.1-0.3 mm long1
1. 004-007-005-002-001

<<<Flowers>Calyx lobes>Apex>Shape

subacute to obtuse2
2. 004-006-003-001

<<<Flowers>Disk>Margins>Length

up to 0.15 mm long3
3. 004-009-002-001

<<<Flowers>Petals>Apex>Basal claw

basal claw4
4. 004-007-005-002

<<<Flowers>Petals>Apex>Hairs

glabrous5
5. 004-007-005-003

<<<Flowers>Petals>Apex>Shape

rounded or irregular6
6. 004-007-005-001

<<<Flowers>Stamens>Filaments>Length

3.5-4.8 mm long7
7. 004-008-002-001

<<<Fruits>Base>Texture>Length

0-0.6 cm long8
8. 005-005-002-001

<<<Fruits>Body>Wings>Texture

stiff9
9. 005-006-001-002

<<<Fruits>Body>Wings>Width

0-0.3 cm wide10
10. 005-006-001-003

<<<Fruits>Body>Wings>Wing or ridge number

411
11. 005-006-001-001

<<<Leaves>Base>Scales>Colour

dark or whitish12
12. 002-005-003-001

<<<Leaves>Veins>Secondary veins>Secondary vein pair number

7-17 pairs13
13. 002-006-002-001

<<Flowers>Calyx lobes>Apex

apex ;14
14. 004-006-003

<<Flowers>Calyx lobes>Growth form

erect15
15. 004-006-001

<<Flowers>Calyx lobes>Length

0.2-0.3 mm long16
16. 004-006-002

<<Flowers>Disk>Hairs

glabrous to densely pubescent at margin17
17. 004-009-001

<<Flowers>Disk>Margins

without or with narrow free margin18
18. 004-009-002

<<Flowers>Lower hypanthium>Hairs

pubescent to very sparsely so19
19. 004-004-003

<<Flowers>Lower hypanthium>Length

1.1-1.3 mm long20
20. 004-004-001

without pedicel-like region21
21. 004-004-002

<<Flowers>Petals>Apex

apex , , ;22
22. 004-007-005

<<Flowers>Petals>Dimensions

0.7-1.5 x 1.1-1.6 mm23
23. 004-007-003

<<Flowers>Petals>Petal number

424
24. 004-007-001

<<Flowers>Petals>Relative dimensions

well exceeding calyx lobes25
25. 004-007-004

<<Flowers>Petals>Shape

broadly spathulate with limb transversely oblong-elliptic26
26. 004-007-002

<<Flowers>Stamens>Filaments

filaments ;27
27. 004-008-002

<<Flowers>Stamens>Stamen number

828
28. 004-008-001

<<Flowers>Style>Length

3.8-5.3 mm long29
29. 004-010-001

<<Flowers>Upper hypanthium>Dimensions

1.5-2.9 x 1.5-3.4 mm30
30. 004-005-002

<<Flowers>Upper hypanthium>Hairs

glabrous to sparsely pubescent outside, subglabrous to pubescent inside (degree not correlated to pubescence outside)31
31. 004-005-003

<<Flowers>Upper hypanthium>Shape

deeply cupuliform32
32. 004-005-001

<<Fruits>Apex>Shape

rounded to acute or acuminate and sometimes minutely apiculate33
33. 005-004-001

<<Fruits>Base>Shape

rounded to narrowly cuneate34
34. 005-005-001

<<Fruits>Base>Texture

thick to narrow pseudostipe35
35. 005-005-002

<<Fruits>Body>Shape

sometimes spirally twisted undulate36
36. 005-006-002

<<Fruits>Body>Wings

wings (or ridges) , ,37
37. 005-006-001

<<Inflorescences>Panicles>Hairs

glabrous to densely pubescent or rarely tomentose, inconspicuously lepidote38
38. 003-002-003

<<Inflorescences>Panicles>Length

up to 27 cm long39
39. 003-002-002

<<Inflorescences>Panicles>Position

terminal40
40. 003-002-001

<<Leaves>Apex>Shape

gradually or abruptly shortly to long acuminate, acute, obtuse or rounded41
41. 002-004-001

<<Leaves>Base>Hairs

hairless or almost so, moderately to rather densely lepidote below, sparsely or very sparsely so above42
42. 002-005-002

<<Leaves>Base>Scales

scales usually inconspicuous to naked eye,43
43. 002-005-003

<<Leaves>Base>Shape

cuneate to subcordate or sometimes cordate44
44. 002-005-001

<<Leaves>Petiole>Hairs

glabrous to sparsely pubescent, inconspicuously lepidote45
45. 002-007-002

<<Leaves>Petiole>Length

0.3-1.4 cm long46
46. 002-007-001

<<Leaves>Veins>Midveins

midvein prominent on lower surface,47
47. 002-006-001

<<Leaves>Veins>Secondary veins

secondary veins , close to distant, not to slightly or sometimes moderately prominent, lesser veins not prominent;48
48. 002-006-002

<Flowers>Calyx lobes

calyx lobes , ,49
49. 004-006

<Flowers>Disk

disk , ;50
50. 004-009

<Flowers>Hairs

moderately to densely but usually very inconspicuously lepidote on outside51
51. 004-003

<Flowers>Length

2.6-3.5 mm long52
52. 004-002

<Flowers>Lower hypanthium

lower hypanthium , , ,53
53. 004-004

<Flowers>Merosity

4-merous54
54. 004-001

<Flowers>Petals

petals , patent at full anthesis, , , ,55
55. 004-007

<Flowers>Stamens

stamens , well exserted,56
56. 004-008

<Flowers>Style

style , usually exserted about as far as stamens.57
57. 004-010

<Flowers>Upper hypanthium

upper hypanthium , , ;58
58. 004-005

<Fruits>Apex

apex ,59
59. 005-004

<Fruits>Base

base , ,60
60. 005-005

<Fruits>Body

body much thickened with spongy tissue, ,61
61. 005-006

<Fruits>Dimensions

1.5-4.5 x 0.7-1.7 cm62
62. 005-002

<Fruits>Hairs

hairless or nearly so, moderately to densely but minutely lepidote especially on body63
63. 005-001

<Fruits>Shape

ovate or elliptic to narrowly so in side view64
64. 005-003

<Habit>Hairs

‘combretaceous hairs’ (often very scarce) and peltate scales present.65
65. 001-003

<Habit>Height

to 4 m66
66. 001-002

<Habit>Length

to 20 m67
67. 001-001

<Inflorescences>Flowers

flowers borne densely on rhachis.68
68. 003-003

<Inflorescences>Length

2-7 cm long69
69. 003-001

<Inflorescences>Panicles

usually aggregated into panicles , at lower nodes in axils of normal leaves (often fallen by fruiting), at upper nodes without subtending leaves,70
70. 003-002

<Leaves>Apex

apex ,71
71. 002-004

<Leaves>Base

base , , ;72
72. 002-005

<Leaves>Dimensions

4-20 x 2-12.5 cm73
73. 002-003

<Leaves>Petiole

petiole , .74
74. 002-007

<Leaves>Shape

narrowly oblong-ovate to broadly elliptic or almost orbicular75
75. 002-002

<Leaves>Texture

coriaceous76
76. 002-001

<Leaves>Veins

venation usually eucamptodromous-brochidodromous, sometimes eucamptodromous or brochidodromous,77
77. 002-006

Description

Woody liana to 20 m, in the absence of support a shrub with decumbent long branches or a shrub to 4 m; ‘combretaceous hairs’ (often very scarce) and peltate scales present. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, narrowly oblong-ovate to broadly elliptic or almost orbicular, 4-20 x 2-12.5 cm, apex gradually or abruptly shortly to long acuminate, acute, obtuse or rounded, base cuneate to subcordate or sometimes cordate, hairless or almost so, moderately to rather densely lepidote below, sparsely or very sparsely so above, scales usually inconspicuous to naked eye, dark or whitish; venation usually eucamptodromous-brochidodromous, sometimes eucamptodromous or brochidodromous, midvein prominent on lower surface, secondary veins 7-17 pairs, close to distant, not to slightly or sometimes moderately prominent, lesser veins not prominent; petiole 0.3-1.4 cm long, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, inconspicuously lepidote. Inflorescence sparsely to extensively branched, slender, in opposite pairs in leaf-axils, 2-7 cm long, usually aggregated into terminal panicles up to 27 cm long, at lower nodes in axils of normal leaves (often fallen by fruiting), at upper nodes without subtending leaves, glabrous to densely pubescent or rarely tomentose, inconspicuously lepidote; flowers borne densely on rhachis. Flowers 4-merous, 2.6-3.5 mm long, moderately to densely but usually very inconspicuously lepidote on outside; lower hypanthium 1.1-1.3 mm long, without pedicel-like region, pubescent to very sparsely so,upper hypanthium deeply cupuliform, 1.5-2.9 x 1.5-3.4 mm, glabrous to sparsely pubescent outside, subglabrous to pubescent inside (degree not correlated to pubescence outside); calyx lobes erect, 0.2-0.3 mm long, apex subacute to obtuse; petals 4, patent at full anthesis, broadly spathulate with limb transversely oblong-elliptic, 0.7-1.5 x 1.1-1.6 mm, well exceeding calyx lobes, apex rounded or irregular, basal claw 0.1-0.3 mm long, glabrous; stamens 8, well exserted, filaments 3.5-4.8 mm long; disk glabrous to densely pubescent at margin, without or with narrow free margin up to 0.15 mm long; style 3.8-5.3 mm long, usually exserted about as far as stamens. Fruit variable, hairless or nearly so, moderately to densely but minutely lepidote especially on body, 1.5-4.5 x 0.7-1.7 cm, ovate or elliptic to narrowly so in side view, apex rounded to acute or acuminate and sometimes minutely apiculate, base rounded to narrowly cuneate, thick to narrow pseudostipe 0-0.6 cm long, body much thickened with spongy tissue, wings (or ridges) 4, stiff, 0-0.3 cm wide, sometimes spirally twisted undulateScales as in C. laxum.

Distribution

Guianas present present, Southern America: Bolivia (Bolivia present); Peru (Peru present); Venezuela (Venezuela present), eastern Ecuador present, lowland Amazonas present
Typical of lowland Amazonas in Brazil, Venezuela and the Guianas, extending W to eastern Ecuador and Peru and S to almost 15° S in Bolivia.; about 42 specimens from the Guianas (GU: 23; SU: 10; FG: 9).

Flowers

Flowers , , ;78
78. 004

Fruits

Fruit variable, , , ,79
79. 005

Habit

Woody liana , in the absence of support a shrub with decumbent long branches or a shrub ;80
80. 001

Individuals Association

Guyana, E Berbice-Corentyne Region, 165 km up Canje R., between Ikuruwa and Mora, Gillespie et al. 2439 Belligui, near Cr. Beiman, Maroni R., Sabatier 997 Guyana, E Berbice-Corentyne Region, 165 km up Canje R., between Ikuruwa and Mora, Gillespie et al. 2436 Suriname, bank of Marowijne R., Lanjouw & Lindeman 2076 Cr. Plomb, Sinamary R., Loubry 1949 Suriname, bank of Tibiti R., Lanjouw & Lindeman 1861 Guyana, Kanuku Mts., Rupununi R., Puwib R., Jansen-Jacobs et al. 288

Inflorescences

Inflorescence sparsely to extensively branched, slender, in opposite pairs in leaf-axils, , ;81
81. 003

Leaves

Leaves opposite, , , ,82
82. 002

Notes

Distinguished from C. laxum by its much thicker coriaceous leaves. These vary in shape and the segregate C. laurifolium (apex acuminate) was based on the opposite end of the spectrum from C. pyramidatum (apex rounded). Combretum nitidum, the original material of which was wholly galled, has leaves intermediate between the two. There is much variation in fruit shape, but in this species only the ridged spongy fruits are present. Galls are common as in C. laxum. There must remain some doubt about the specific distinction of C. laxum and C. pyramidatum, but so far the differences are maintained.

Perianth

Scales as in C. laxum.83
83. 006

Phenology

Flowering and fruiting mostly as for C. laxum.