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<<<<Flowers>Calyx>Posterior lobes>Flowers>Lobe number

51
1. 005-002-002-001-001

<<<Flowers>Calyx>Posterior lobes>Flowers

flowers with calyx lobes2
2. 005-002-002-001

<<<Flowers>Corolla>Lower lip>Lobe number

3-lobed3
3. 005-003-005-001

<<<Flowers>Corolla>Tube>Shape

cylindric to expanded distally4
4. 005-003-002-001

<<<Flowers>Corolla>Upper lip>Lobe number

2-lobed5
5. 005-003-004-001

<<<Flowers>Pollen>Insulae>Row number

1-several6
6. 005-005-002-001

<<<Flowers>Pollen>Insulae>Shape

± circular7
7. 005-005-002-002

<<<Flowers>Stamens>Anthers>Sterile theca number

18
8. 005-004-002-002

<<<Flowers>Stamens>Anthers>Theca number

2-thecous9
9. 005-004-002-001

<<<Flowers>Stamens>Thecae>Thecae with basal appendage number

1 or both10
10. 005-004-003-001

<<<Leaves>Blade>Cystoliths>Length

0.1-0.5 mm long11
11. 003-001-004-001

<<Capsules>Seeds>Seed number

2-412
12. 006-002-001

<<Capsules>Seeds>Shape

variable, spheroidal to diskoid, occasionally reniform or obcordate13
13. 006-002-002

<<Flowers>Bracteoles>Bracteole number

214
14. 005-001-001

<<Flowers>Calyx>Lobe number

4-5-lobed15
15. 005-002-001

<<Flowers>Calyx>Posterior lobes

posterior lobe sometimes greatly reduced in ;16
16. 005-002-002

<<Flowers>Corolla>Colour

greenish, white, pinkish, red, or purplish, usually with white or colored markings on ridged palate of lower lip17
17. 005-003-001

<<Flowers>Corolla>Limbs

limb strongly zygomorphic, bilipped,18
18. 005-003-003

<<Flowers>Corolla>Lower lip

lower lip , corolla lobes imbricate in bud;19
19. 005-003-005

<<Flowers>Corolla>Tube

tube , usually lacking a distinct throat,20
20. 005-003-002

<<Flowers>Corolla>Upper lip

upper lip usually shallowly (rarely entire),21
21. 005-003-004

<<Flowers>Ovary>Ovule number per locule

222
22. 005-006-001

<<Flowers>Ovary>Stigma

stigma lobes indistinct to distinct, when distinct equal to unequal in length.23
23. 005-006-003

<<Flowers>Ovary>Style

style exserted from mouth of corolla,24
24. 005-006-002

<<Flowers>Pollen>Aperture number

2-4-aperturate25
25. 005-005-001

<<Flowers>Pollen>Insulae

apertures flanked on each side by rows of insulae26
26. 005-005-002

<<Flowers>Stamens>Anthers

anthers ( theca rarely sterile),27
27. 005-004-002

<<Flowers>Stamens>Stamen number

228
28. 005-004-001

<<Flowers>Stamens>Thecae

thecae equal or unequal in length, equally or unequally inserted or superposed, with basal appendage (usually spurred or apiculate) staminodes absent;29
29. 005-004-003

<<Inflorescences>Bracts>Colour

green or brightly colored30
30. 004-004-002

<<Inflorescences>Bracts>Shape

linear or subulate to large31
31. 004-004-001

<<Inflorescences>Dichasia>Flower number

1(-3)-flowered32
32. 004-003-001

<<Inflorescences>Leaf axils>Bract number

233
33. 004-001-001

<<Leaves>Blade>Cystoliths

cystoliths present, .34
34. 003-001-004

<<Leaves>Blade>Margins

margins entire to sinuate to crenate35
35. 003-001-003

<<Leaves>Blade>Shape

ovate to oblong36
36. 003-001-002

<<Leaves>Blade>Texture

membranous to coriaceous37
37. 003-001-001

<Capsules>Retinacula

retinacula present, septa with retinacula remaining attached to inner wall of mature capsule;38
38. 006-001

<Capsules>Seeds

seeds , .39
39. 006-002

<Flowers>Bracteoles

subtended by bracteoles40
40. 005-001

<Flowers>Calyx

calyx deeply ,41
41. 005-002

<Flowers>Corolla

corolla ,42
42. 005-003

<Flowers>Ovary

ovary with ovules per locule,43
43. 005-006

<Flowers>Pollen

pollen subprolate to perprolate, , , exine usually reticulate;44
44. 005-005

<Flowers>Stamens

stamens , inserted at various positions in corolla tube, exserted from mouth of corolla,45
45. 005-004

<Inflorescences>Bracts

bracts alternate or opposite, various, small and distant, , , prominent or inconspicuous, margins entire (in the Guianas).46
46. 004-004

<Inflorescences>Dichasia

dichasia alternate or opposite, , subtended by a leaf or a bract, sessile or pedunculate;47
47. 004-003

<Inflorescences>Leaf axils

leaf axils (or in axil of partially fused bracts forming a cupulate involucre)48
48. 004-001

<Inflorescences>Position

axillary and terminal49
49. 004-002

<Leaves>Blade

blades , , ,50
50. 003-001

<Stems>Growth form

erect51
51. 002-001

<Stems>Shape

terete to quadrate52
52. 002-002

Capsules

Capsules stipitate,53
53. 006

Description

Herbaceous or shrubby perennials. Stems decumbent or erect, terete to quadrate. Leaves opposite, sessile to petiolate; blades membranous to coriaceous, ovate to oblong, margins entire to sinuate to crenate, cystoliths present, 0.1-0.5 mm long. Inflorescences of dichasia in leaf axils (or in axil of 2 partially fused bracts forming a cupulate involucre) or of axillary and terminal dichasiate spikes, racemes, thyrses or panicles; dichasia alternate or opposite, 1(-3)-flowered, subtended by a leaf or a bract, sessile or pedunculate; bracts alternate or opposite, various, small and distant, linear or subulate to large, green or brightly colored, prominent or inconspicuous, margins entire (in the Guianas). Flowers homostylous, subtended by 2 bracteoles, sessile or pedicellate; calyx deeply 4-5-lobed, posterior lobe sometimes greatly reduced in flowers with 5 calyx lobes; corolla greenish, white, pinkish, red, or purplish, usually with white or colored markings on ridged palate of lower lip, tube cylindric to expanded distally, usually lacking a distinct throat, limb strongly zygomorphic, bilipped, upper lip usually shallowly 2-lobed (rarely entire), lower lip 3-lobed, corolla lobes imbricate in bud; stamens 2, inserted at various positions in corolla tube, exserted from mouth of corolla, anthers 2-thecous (1 theca rarely sterile), thecae equal or unequal in length, equally or unequally inserted or superposed, 1 or both with basal appendage (usually spurred or apiculate) staminodes absent; pollen subprolate to perprolate, 2-4-aperturate, apertures flanked on each side by 1-several rows of ± circular insulae, exine usually reticulate; ovary with 2 ovules per locule, style exserted from mouth of corolla, stigma lobes indistinct to distinct, when distinct equal to unequal in length. Capsules stipitate, retinacula present, septa with retinacula remaining attached to inner wall of mature capsule; seeds 2-4, variable, spheroidal to diskoid, occasionally reniform or obcordate.

Distribution

Cosmopolitan present, Guianas present
Cosmopolitan genus of up to 600 species; it is the largest genus of the Acanthaceae and also the largest genus of the family in the Guianas with 20 species.

Flowers

Flowers homostylous, , sessile or pedicellate;54
54. 005

Habit

Herbaceous or shrubby perennials.55
55. 001

Inflorescences

Inflorescences of dichasia in or of dichasiate spikes, racemes, thyrses or panicles;56
56. 004

Leaves

Leaves opposite, sessile to petiolate;57
57. 003

Stems

Stems decumbent or , .58
58. 002

Studied:

J. brasiliensis.

Wood

Growth rings absent.
Vessels more or less in radial distribution, c. 8% solitary, the remainder in radial multiples of 2-4 (10), over 100 per sq. mm, outline angular to round, 30 (18-50) µm wide. Vessel member length 340 (145-500) µm. Perforations simple, intervascular pits 3.5-4 µm, slits enclosed or confluent, giving the impression of spiral thickening; vessel/ray pitting identical. Tracheids occasionally present.
Rays exclusively 1-seriate, 16 per mm. All cells upright, juvenile type. Height up to 500 µm (6 cells).
Parenchyma extremely scarce, restricted to strands bordering a vessel. Strands fusiform and 2-3-celled.
Ground tissue of non-septate fibres. Diameter 12-15 µm, walls 3.5-4 µm thick. Pits simple, minute, in radial and less frequent in tangential walls. Length 550 (320-720) µm. F/V ratio: 1.60.